VNC vs. RDP: A comparison of remote access protocols

What is virtual network computing (VNC)? 

Virtual network computing (VNC) is a graphical desktop sharing system that transmits the entire desktop screen based on visual changes. VNC mirrors the active screen, so multiple users connected to the same server can view and interact with the same session in real time. The setup consists of a VNC server on the remote computer and a viewer (client) on the local device, which communicate by sending screen updates and relaying keyboard and mouse inputs.

Because VNC works across different operating systems, it's a solid choice for platform-independent environments. You can, for example, run a VNC client on a Windows computer and connect to a Linux machine running a VNC server. It's also perfect for IT support and troubleshooting because technicians can see exactly what the user of the remote device sees.

VNC transmits full-screen images, making it the slower option. Security can also be a concern, as many older VNC implementations lack built-in encryption, requiring extra configurations for a secure connection.

What is the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP)?

The Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is a remote desktop tool that works as if the user is connected directly to the physical server or remote computer. Being Microsoft's proprietary protocol, it’s built primarily for Windows systems, but also usable on Mac and Linux through third-party RDP clients. Unlike VNC, which transmits full-screen images from the remote computer, RDP sends only commands, keystrokes, and graphical elements, which makes it faster and more efficient. On Windows Server, it supports many remote users, each with their own independent session.

RDP has built-in encryption and is optimized for smooth performance, even on slow connections. However, it's primarily Windows-focused and requires extra setup for Linux, though Mac users have access to an official Microsoft client. It's also not ideal for collaboration because connecting to a device remotely logs out the local user.

Key differences between VNC and RDP

Both VNC and RDP let you access a remote computer, but they go about it differently. One is built for speed and remote work, the other for IT support and cross-platform access. Choosing the right one depends on what you need — so let's break down the key differences.

Performance and efficiency

The main difference in the way the two protocols work is that RDP creates a virtual session, allowing multiple users to connect independently (on Windows Server), while VNC captures the physical display in real-time. With VNC, you see exactly the same screen the remote user sees and share control of the same keyboard and mouse.

When it comes to speed and performance, RDP is significantly faster than VNC. Since RDP transmits graphical commands instead of full-screen images, it requires less bandwidth and delivers a smoother experience. On Windows Server, RDP allows multiple remote users to connect to the same server independently, each with their own virtual desktop session, without interfering with one another.

VNC consumes more bandwidth than other remote access options, especially on weaker connections. Expect noticeable lag, particularly when working with graphically intense applications or low-bandwidth networks.

Security considerations

Security is a major factor when comparing RDP vs. VNC. If properly configured, RDP encrypts all data by default, which makes it inherently more secure than VNC. While some modern VNC implementations offer encryption, it’s not always enabled by default, so additional security measures like SSH tunneling or a VPN may be needed. 

RDP has a history of vulnerabilities, so it’s recommended to enable Network Level Authentication (NLA) and use strong passwords — preferably with a password manager.

Application and use cases

VNC and RDP serve different purposes, and choosing the right one depends on what you need to do. Here's how they compare in real-world use:

• Remote desktop work. RDP wins because it provides a smooth remote working experience, especially if you want to access a computer remotely but don’t need to share the screen.
• IT support and troubleshooting. VNC wins because the real-time screen sharing platform lets you view and control a remote desktop without interrupting the user’s session.
• Cross-platform access. VNC wins, because it works on Windows, Linux, and Mac computers and mobile operating systems.

Similarities between RDP and VNC

While RDP and VNC have key differences, they share some fundamental traits:

• Both allow remote access to a computer.
• Both require a client and server setup to facilitate access.
• Both rely on direct peer-to-peer communication, which means the local computer connects straight to the remote computer.
• Both can be used over the internet or LAN.
• Both support software that enables secure access and allows admin to manage users.
• Both have open-source and commercial implementations.

VNC vs. RDP for specific platforms

RDP and VNC work across different operating systems, but their performance and ease of use vary depending on the platform.

Linux

RDP vs. VNC on Linux comes down to setup and use case. RDP works through a client, but VNC is the go-to for GUI access since it's easier to configure.

The best option: VNC, unless you're connecting to a Windows-based RDP server.

Mac

Mac supports both, but VNC is the default for built-in screen sharing. RDP works, but only if you're connecting to a Windows machine.

The best option: VNC for Mac-to-Mac access, RDP for Windows connections.

Windows

This one's easy — RDP is built into Windows and works seamlessly. No extra setup and no third-party tools are needed.

The best option: RDP — no contest.

Raspberry Pi

VNC comes pre-installed and optimized for Raspberry Pi, making setup effortless. RDP is possible but requires extra configuration.

The best option: VNC — it's the default for a reason.

Android/iOS

Both protocols have mobile apps, but RDP usually delivers a smoother experience thanks to better compression and performance tuning.

The best option: RDP for performance, andVNC if you need cross-platform flexibility.

Ubuntu

Ubuntu supports both RDP and VNC, but VNC is the go-to for GUI access. If you're connecting to a Windows remote computer, RDP is the better choice.

The best option: VNC for Linux-to-Linux access; RDP for Windows integration.

VNC vs. RDP: Which one to choose 

When deciding whether you should choose VNC or RDP for remote access, consider your needs.

If you need speed, security, and a seamless Windows experience, RDP is the better choice. If you need a remote access tool that works across multiple operating systems, VNC is the way to go.

For most personal remote access scenarios, RDP is faster and more reliable. But for help desk support and screen sharing, VNC is better.