What is network security?

Network security is a critical component of cybersecurity — and a network’s first line of defense against cyberattacks. Without the proper security measures, networks are more vulnerable to cyber threats (like unauthorized access and DDoS attacks). By implementing different network security measures, organizations can effectively prevent, detect, and deal with these threats.

While network security is mostly relevant to businesses with large and complex computer networks, many of its tools and techniques can also be used for securing your home network.

Network security systems use a range of security measures to stop cybercriminals from gaining unauthorized access, stealing sensitive data, and causing financial, operational, or reputational damage. These measures often involve using specialized hardware and software.

In organizations, security teams decide which strategies, policies, and procedures the company will implement to keep the network safe. Implementing these strategies also helps business networks comply with security standards and regulations. Once the network security guidelines are established, everyone on the network must follow them to keep it secure.

A firewall blocks unauthorized users or devices that try to access the network. Firewalls range from simple packet filters to cutting-edge software with sophisticated AI.

An intrusion detection system (IDS) constantly monitors network activity for irregular behavior. IDS is often combined with intrusion prevention systems (IPS) to automatically respond to breaches.

By dividing the network into smaller network segments, businesses can improve network security and reduce the impact of potential breaches. Isolating different parts of the network is an essential step in limiting the spread of threats.

A virtual private network (VPN) routes the user’s internet traffic through a secure server, giving them safe access to internal resources and preventing others from intercepting sensitive data.

Wireless security protects a network’s wireless systems (e.g., LANs) from unauthorized access and data breaches. Tools like encryption, access controls, and monitoring mechanisms may be used to prevent attacks.

Network access control (NAC) manages user access rights and keeps unsecured devices out of the network. By enforcing security requirements, NAC ensures that only compliant users and devices are part of the network and helps keep out cybercriminals.

Strong authentication methods are a vital component of network security. Authentication mechanisms like complex passwords and biometrics (e.g., face ID or fingerprint) help companies ensure that only legitimate users can join the network.

Single sign-on allows users to access several applications and services with one set of login credentials. Companies may use SSO to streamline authentication while keeping company networks and resources secure.

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) requires users to perform additional steps to prove their identity to the network. MFA can stop malicious actors from wreaking havoc with a high-level user’s password.

Zero-trust network access is a security approach that helps minimize the risk of data breaches. With ZTNA, organizations only give users access to the tools and data they absolutely need and ask them to complete frequent verification.

Antivirus software and other malware protection tools prevent viruses and malware from spreading across the network. Anti-malware applications detect infections and quarantine files until a solution is found.

Host-based firewalls are typically installed on individual devices. They control incoming and outgoing network traffic to protect devices against malicious activities.

Endpoint detection and response involves continuously monitoring individual device activity to detect threats. EDR may include using specialized software on individual devices to collect and analyze real-time data.

Encryption is an essential component of network security. By scrambling the data traveling to and from individual devices, companies can protect sensitive information from unauthorized users.

Application control is managing how people use software applications within a network. Organizations may enforce specific policies that define which applications can run and what actions can be performed on them.

Email security covers the measures, policies, and software that secures email services within an organization. It may include spam filtering, encryption, and strong authentication protocols to prevent common email threats (such as phishing).

Web security measures include restricting employee access to unsafe websites (e.g., URL filtering) and using web application firewalls to keep online resources secure. It’s an essential part of network security for any organization.

An industrial network is a large-scale communication system used in places like factories. These networks are typically very vulnerable to attacks. Organizations may use various security tools to keep out intruders — from encryption to close monitoring.

Mobile network security (or smartphone security) is about protecting portable devices against cyber threats. Companies may use measures like mobile device management (MDM), remote wipe capabilities, and encryption to keep smartphones and tablets safe.

Cloud security focuses on protecting cloud-based data, apps, and systems. To keep cloud-based networks safe, companies may implement various security tools and technologies — from encryption to penetration testing.